Consonants: Shifts Between Weak and Strong


Several consonants, as outlined in the following table (and discussed on the previous page), form pairs:

Weak
Strong
b
p
d
g
j
ch
g
k
z
s
zh
sh

These consonants are also different with respect to where they occur in words, the chief difference being that the strong consonants never appear at the beginning of a word, except in a few rare cases where a syllable which would normally precede them has been deleted, as in, for example, chi-mookomaan, 'American,' which shows reduction of gichi-, 'big,' to chi-. In the overwhelming majority of cases, however, words only begin with weak consonants.

Strengthening after Gii- and Wii-. After the preverbs gii- 'past tense,' and wii- 'future tense; want to,' weak consonants become strong. The following examples illustrate.

Simple Gloss With Gii- or Wii-
baapi 'laugh' gii-paapi
dagoshin 'arrive' gii-takoshin
jiibaakwe 'cook' gii-chiibaakwe
giiwe 'go home' gii-kiiwe
zegizi 'be afraid' gii-segizi
zhooshkwaada'e 'skate' gii-shooshkwaada'e

Now this can be potentially for people trying to look words up in the dictionary, because you won't find an entry paapi in the dictionary-- rather that word will be listed in its normal form baapi. But here's the trick-- since no word in Anishinaabemowin starts with a strong consonant, you can be reasonably sure that when you see a word stem, such as those above, that has a strong first consonant-- that the basic word actually begins with the weak partner to the strong consonant it starts with. So, for example, if you see (or hear) gii-tanakii, you can be reasonably certain that the basic form of the verb will have the t of tanakii changed to d, that is, be danakii.